歐洲柴油機廢氣排放標準
emission standards
the following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates.
table 1
eu emission standards for hd diesel engines, g/kwh
(smoke in m-1)
|
tier
|
date & category
|
test cycle
|
co
|
hc
|
nox
|
pm
|
smoke
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|
euro i
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1992, <85 kw
|
|
4.5
|
1.1
|
8.0
|
0.612
|
|
|
1992, >85 kw
|
4.5
|
1.1
|
8.0
|
0.36
|
|
|
euro ii
|
1996.10
|
4.0
|
1.1
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7.0
|
0.25
|
|
|
1998.10
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4.0
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1.1
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7.0
|
0.15
|
|
|
euro iii
|
1999.10, eevs only
|
|
1.5
|
0.25
|
2.0
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
|
2000.10
|
|
2.1
|
0.66
|
5.0
|
0.10
0.13*
|
0.8
|
|
euro iv
|
2005.10
|
1.5
|
0.46
|
3.5
|
0.02
|
0.5
|
|
euro v
|
2008.10
|
1.5
|
0.46
|
2.0
|
0.02
|
0.5
|
* - for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 min-1
changes in the engine test cycles have been introduced in the euro iii standard (year 2000). the old steady-state engine test cycle ece r-49 will be replaced by two cycles: a stationary cycle esc (european stationary cycle) and a transient cycle etc (european transient cycle). smoke opacity is measured on the elr (european load response) test.
for the type approval of new vehicles with diesel engines according to the euro iii standard (year 2000), manufacturers have the choice between either of these tests. for type approval according to the euro iv (year 2005) limit values and for eevs, the emissions have to be determined on both the etc and the esc/elr tests.
emission standards for diesel engines that are tested on the etc test cycle, as well as for heavy-duty gas engines, are summarized in table 2.
table 2
emission standards for diesel and gas engines, etc test, g/kwh
|
tier
|
date & category
|
test cycle
|
co
|
nmhc
|
ch4a
|
nox
|
pmb
|
|
euro iii
|
1999.10, eevs only
|
|
3.0
|
0.40
|
0.65
|
2.0
|
0.02
|
|
2000.10
|
|
5.45
|
0.78
|
1.6
|
5.0
|
0.16
0.21c
|
|
euro iv
|
2005.10
|
4.0
|
0.55
|
1.1
|
3.5
|
0.03
|
|
euro v
|
2008.10
|
4.0
|
0.55
|
1.1
|
2.0
|
0.03
|
a - for natural gas engines only
b - not applicable for gas fueled engines at the year 2000 and 2005 stages
c - for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 min-1
eu member states will be allowed to use tax incentives in order to speed up the marketing of vehicles meeting the new standards. such incentives have to comply with the following conditions:
· they apply to all new vehicles offered for sale on the market of a member state which comply in advance with the mandatory limit values set out by the directive,
- they cease when the new limit values come into effect (i.e. in 2000, 2005 or 2008)
- for each type of vehicle they do not exceed the additional cost of the technical solutions introduced to ensure compliance with the limit values.
a new proposal, to be submitted by the european commission by 31 december 2000, should include:
· rules pertaining to the introduction of an on-board diagnostic system (obd) for heavy-duty vehicles from october 1, 2005 (similarly as provided for in directive 98/69/ec on the reduction of exhaust emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles),
- provisions on the durability of emission control devices with effect from october 1, 2005 (to ensure that they operate correctly during the normal life of a vehicle),
- provisions to ensure the conformity of in-service vehicles which are properly maintained and used,
appropriate limits for pollutants currently non-regulated as a consequence of the widespread introduction of new alternative fuels.
發電機專業諮詢網助力產業發展 (2004-04-14 09:49:18)
目前發電機專業諮詢網開始積極向外拓展業務。於２０００年初開始設計發電機專業諮詢網（ｇｅｎｓｅｔ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｒ），並於２００１年７月投入運行。該網針對紫同引擎、發電機頭、發電機組、周邊設備、水電施工等客戶廠商的需求提供直接支援及高素質服務。
目前該網已發展成為中國大陸、中國臺灣、中國香港、歐美等國家及地區最大的多功能型發電機專業諮詢網。隨著中國加入ｗｔｏ，發電機產業既面臨著機遇又迎接挑戰，ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ以其獨特的傳播魅力，突破了時間和地域的界限已成為一種文化及樹立企業高新技術形象的媒體。發電機專業諮詢網有關人士表示希望借助專業的策略和行銷服務，為發電機行業拓展電子商務的國際合作領域，發展新的商機。
(作者肖風) 發表於中國科學院專網中
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h2+½o2→h2o+electricity
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2個氫分子 + 1個氧分子
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這個就是21世紀全球電力的主流
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-----------還保發電機(fuel cell)的發展概念
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fuel cell
可直接由化學能轉變為電能，不像傳統發電需經過
『燃燒→核能→高壓/高溫→推動發電』
的過程，所以步驟非常簡便，自然效率高、體積小、污染低。
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歐美日汽車公司已大量投入環保發電的運用和發展，台灣若能效法歐美日，對環保和正確用電上的積極態度，而環保發電機可望解決電力之虞，並帶來產業生根之契機。
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